Diabetes belongs to the endocrine disease group. Pathology develops in violation of the production or effect of insulin tissue - hormones of pancreatic islets, which helps absorb glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (high blood sugar) and urine (diabetes).
Long-term violation of glucose disposal can lead to various metabolic diseases. The pathology of islet devices often varies by disease in other organs and systems. The release of small blood vessels, retina, kidney and nervous system is characterized.
Generally, diabetes has a rather obvious metabolic bias and is easily diagnosed. Identifying the disease in the initial and preclinical stages is more difficult when the patient has little or lacks complaints. This requires - in-depth and purposeful research. The identification of early diseases is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention.
If you need a comprehensive test for endocrine disease, or you are looking for a place to cure diabetes only in a professional doctor. The patient's services are experienced endocrinologists and laboratories that use modern diagnostic equipment for high-precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes
The disease is characterized by the detection of many complaints and objective characteristics through laboratory diagnostic tests. The first batch of diabetes showed a very diverse range of symptoms. A separate sign or a set of symptoms that may indicate the disease include:
- Specific metabolic disorders - weight changes, thirst, increased urination, persistent feeling of hunger;
- General nonspecific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue under slight load, lethargy, muscle weakness;
- Dry skin, itchy in the genital area, around the anus;
- Recurrence frequently and wound heals slowly;
- Painful dry mouth, sensation of swelling oral mucosa;
- Tooth condition is not good and inappropriate;
- Neurites have neurites with impaired peripheral sensitivity;
- Changes in sexual, reproductive function - Attracting loss, infertility, birth of large babies;
- Failed vision organ;
- Complaints about the cardiovascular system.
Usually, the symptoms do not cause anxiety in the patient, and he does not think it is necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes, there is no manifestation of the disease and high blood sugar is only detected in planned examinations.
The most characteristic of islet pathology is the complaints of metabolism:
- Polyuria (rapid urination). Using low cellulosicism, urine separation often occurs in large quantities. Its daily volume exceeds 3 liters. Urination prevails without pain.
- Multiple (thirst). Increased thirst is caused by dehydration. The drunk liquid amount is more than 3 liters. Usually, patients prefer sweet drinks to quench their thirst.
- Weight changes. The weight loss is due to the loss of liquids, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Excessive weight can be before the disease or help its development.
- Polycrystalline (increased appetite). Priority is given to carbohydrate-rich sweets. In the initial stages of the disease, hunger is usually manifested in the form of painful seizures.
If pathological signs are found in a diabetic patient hospital or a diagnostic center with purpose examination.
Factors affecting the development of diabetes
In the mechanism of diabetes development, two key points are distinguished, based on the disease being classified into types:
- Low insulin production in cells in islet cells.
- Violating the ability of hormones to act in the body and the immunity of cells to insulin.
Type 1 diabetes can occur when insulin products are insufficient. It is based on progressive destruction of the Langone Islands (pancreatic cells within the region). This is due to the autoimmune process in the body - insulin, antibodies that secrete cellular structures and enzymes.
Provocative factors for the development of autoimmune diseases can serve:
- Viral infection;
- During pregnancy, nutrition is violated during eating;
- Unfavorable environmental conditions;
- Stress action.
Type 1 diabetes is often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestation of pathology appears when the death of cells in the region reaches more than 80%. The risk of complications of the disease is high and all types of metabolism suffer significant impacts.
Type 2 diabetes occurs as tissue receptor immunity to insulin. In this case, the hormone reappears in a normal or slightly reduced amount. This mechanism of violation is associated with initial changes in the lower insulin structure (hereditary susceptibility) or acquired changes, and therefore, the internal structure of the signal transfer from the receptor to the cell is violated.
The development of type 2 diseases can be:
- Improper food and diet, overeating;
- A sedentary lifestyle;
- Hypertension;
- alcoholism;
- age-related changes;
- Obesity;
- Uncontrolled drugs.
Diagnostic method
According to statistics, about 2. 5% of the world's population suffers from diabetes. More people suffer from an underlying course of illness or are susceptible to the disease. Over time, identified hyperglycemia can prevent serious complications.
The main method of diagnosing disorders is laboratory testing. The most reliable sign of metabolic impairment is increased blood sugar on an empty stomach of more than 6. 1 mmol/l, 2 hours after a meal - more than 11. 1 mmol/l. With suspicious results, glucagon tests were used.
It is recommended to check blood sugar levels for people under 45 years at least every 3 years. Screening is necessary for people at risk every year:
- Obesity;
- Age after 45 years old;
- Genetic tendency;
- Increase glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.
The risk group and patients with identified diseases need to be more thoroughly studied through laboratory and instrumental methods. Equipment at a diabetes treatment center or clinic meets world diagnostic standards.
Modern clinics offer a variety of diabetes treatment programs designed to identify metabolic diseases and complications at early stages. They include:
- Biochemical blood test (all necessary indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transkinase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood test;
- Urine analysis;
- Check the ophthalmologist's examination;
- Double-stranded scanning of the main arteries of the head;
- Endocrinologist consultation.
It is particularly important to study the levels of hemoglobin in the blood, which can control the quality of glucose (last 2-3 months) and treatment quality for a long time. This test is included in the professional standard of care and should be performed every 3 months for all patients with diabetes.
Methods to determine this metric require high-quality equipment and data interpretation. At diabetes treatment centers, modern equipment in the lab allows you to monitor results with high accuracy without reanalysis. Patient services are experienced experts, extensive diagnostic capabilities, the latest research and therapeutic techniques.
Diabetes treatment methods
There is no effective way to cure it completely. Most commonly, the reduction in treatment of diabetes is a stable indicator of glucose levels in the blood, preventing advanced complications, as well as normalization of lipid blood spectrum and blood pressure levels.
All patients need to follow their diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates to balance protein ratios (20%), fat (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The calorie content of food must correspond to physical activity. In mild cases, it is possible to use a diet to obtain pathological compensation.
All patients were trained in self-control. The capillary blood sugar level was determined by the patient himself using a portable sugar meter. The effectiveness of long-term monitoring indicators and treatment is controlled by endocrinologists.
Medication treatment includes oral sugar-fat agents and insulin treatment. Indications for insulin replacement therapy:
- All patients with type 1 diabetes;
- Other types of treatments are inefficient;
- signs of metabolic disorders in metabolic diseases;
- Ketoacidosis;
- intolerance to oral sugars;
- Remote pancreas.
Standards for compensation for metabolic diseases:
- The level of glycated hemoglobin is less than 7%.
- Blood sugar in the empty stomach exceeds 5. 0-6. 5 mmol/l.
- After 2 hours of diet, blood sugar exceeds 8-10 mmol/l.
- Blood sugar before bed - less than 7. 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - less than 4. 8 mmol/l.
- Triglycerides less than 1. 7-1. 8 mmol/l.
- Arterial pressure - less than 130/80 mm Hg. pillar.
An important condition for adequate control of this disease is to choose experienced experts. If you need to be tested or treated for diabetes in the hospital, carefully select a clinic that provides quality and professional services.