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Types of diabetes

Diabeis sugar and its types

Diabetes is a disease of the endocrine system associated with pathological changes in malnutrition in hormonal background and metabolic processes.

To date, the disease is not suitable for eradication (complete liquidation).With medication and dietary therapy, the destructive process in the body can be slowed down, but it is impossible to stop it and start in the opposite direction.

The main symptom of this disease is a chronic increase in blood sugar.The causes and properties of the disease process are different, so it is divided into several types.

The type of diabetes (SD) is determined by the World Health Organization and does not fundamentally differ in the entire medical world.No type of diabetes is suitable for infectious diseases.

The cutting edge of pathology

There are several types of diseases that are combined by a major sign - an increase in glucose concentration in the blood.Diabetes are typical of the causes of their occurrence.Patient treatment, gender and age are also happening.

Types of diabetes accepted in medicine:

  • The first type is insulin dependence (ISD 1) or juvenile;
  • The second is insulin dependence (INZSD 2) or insulin resistance;
  • Malt membrane (HSD) of diabetic pregnancy during perinatal periods in women;
  • Other specific types of diabetes include:
  • beta cells that damage the pancreas at genetic levels (multiple diabetes);
  • Pathology of pancreatic expansion function;
  • hereditary and acquired pathology of exocrine and its function (endocrine disease);
  • Pharmacology caused by diabetes;
  • Congenital infection causes diabetes;
  • SD is associated with genomic pathology and genetic defects;
  • Invasion of sugar (blood sugar) on an empty stomach and violates glucose tolerance.

Fore-Leaf leaves are the boundary state of the body, and when blood sugar levels change to increase (glucose tolerance is disturbed), the blood sugar indicator “does not reach” the recognized numerical value corresponding to real diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO 2014), more than 90% of endocrinologist patients suffer from a second disease.

According to medical statistics, the trend of increasing the number of patients is clearly tracked worldwide.The number of people with type 2 diabetes has doubled in the past 20 years.GSD accounts for about 5% of pregnancy.Specific types of diabetes are extremely rare and account for a small proportion of medical statistics.

In terms of gender affiliation of INZSD 2, it is more common among women during the preliminary period and menopause.This is due to changes in hormone status and a set of extra pounds.In men, due to the toxic effects of ethanol, the most common factor in type 2 diabetes is chronic inflammation of the pancreas.

Insulin-dependent diabetes (Category 1)

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the inability to pancreatic cells.The organ does not perform its endocrine (within the internal area) function to produce insulin - a hormone responsible for providing glucose to the body.Due to the accumulation of glucose in the blood, the organs cannot obtain all the nutrients, including the pancreas itself.

To simulate the natural production of endocrine hormones, patients are prescribed by injection of temporary duration (short and long) as well as dietary therapy for medical insulin.The classification of the first type of diabetes is determined by the various causes of the disease.There are two reasons for insulin-dependent disease types: genetics and autoimmunity.

Genetic causes

The formation of pathology is related to the biological characteristics of the human body to convey its characteristics and pathological deviations to the offspring.Regarding diabetes, children inherit the susceptibility of the disease from their parents or close relatives who have diabetes.

Important!Prone is inherited, but not the disease itself.100% guaranteed development of diabetes without children.

Autoimmune Causes

The disease occurs due to the failure of the immune system, which will actively produce autoimmune antibodies that destroy human cells under the influence of negative factors.Triggers (power) are used to initiate the automatic immune process:

  • Unhealthy food behavior combines low dynamics;
  • Metabolic failure (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins);
  • Severe deficiencies in Cholegalciferol and Ergocalciferol (Group D vitamins);
  • pancreatic pathology of chronic nature;
  • The presence in herpes tumors of mumps (pig), measles, herpes virus, Epstein-Bara virus, cytomegalovirus, virus A, virus A, B, C;
  • Disturbance (stayed for a long time and was in a state of neuropsychological stress);
  • Chronic alcoholism;
  • Treatment with hormone-containing medical drugs is incorrect.

ISSD is formed in children, adolescents and adults under the age of thirty.The development of diabetic form 1a in children is associated with complex viral infections.Table 1B occurs in the context of young people and children, in the context of autoimmune processes and hereditary tendencies.Typically, the disease develops in a mandatory pattern for weeks or months.

Insulin - Drug-resistant Diabetes (Type 2)

The difference between the second type of diabetes and the first type is that the pancreas does not prevent insulin synthesis.Glucose is concentrated in the blood and is not delivered to human cells and tissues due to the lack of sensitivity to insulin-insulin resistance.Before a certain point, treatment is performed with lower blood sugar (lower sugar) medications and dietary therapies.

To compensate for imbalance in the body, the pancreas activates hormone production.Working in emergency mode, the organs wear out and lose their intra-area function over time.Type 2 diabetes turns into an insulin-dependent form.The reduction or loss of cell sensitivity to endogenous hormones is mainly associated with obesity, where fat and carbohydrate metabolism is disturbed.

This is especially true for visceral obesity (fat deposition around internal organs).In addition, due to excessive weight and the blood flow is difficult due to cholesterol plaques inside the blood vessels, which are formed by high-bilge-cholesterol diabetes, which is always accompanied by obesity.Therefore, human cells experience a lack of nutrients and energy.Other factors that affect the development of INZSD include:

  • alcoholism;
  • Food addiction to beets;
  • Chronic pancreatic disease;
  • pathology of the heart and vascular system;
  • In the context of a sedentary lifestyle, tenacity in food;
  • Incorrect hormone therapy;
  • Complex pregnancy;
  • inheritance of dysfunction (diabetes among parents);
  • Trouble.

In most cases, the disease develops among men and women over the age of 40.In this case, the second type of diabetes is inherently potential and may not have obvious symptoms for several years.Test blood sugar in time before detecting anti-antigel.With proper treatment, the antidiabetic state is reversible.If time is wasted, progress is made and subsequent diagnosis of INZSD.

LADA Diabetes

In medicine, the term "diabetes 1.5" or the name LADA diabetes was found.This is an autoimmune sexual assault on hormone production, as well as a malfunction in metabolic processes in adults (over 25 years of age).The disease combines the first and second types of diabetes.The development mechanism corresponds to ISD, the underlying course of the disease, and the symptoms are similar to INZSD.

The trigger for pathological development is the autoimmune disease in the patient's history:

  • Non-infectious inflammation of intervertebral joints (ankylosing spondylitis);
  • Irreversible diseases of the central nervous system - multiple sclerosis;
  • pathology of granulomatous inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract (Crohn's disease);
  • Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroid thyroiditis);
  • Teens and rheumatoid arthritis;
  • Changes in the skin’s color (loss of pigment) (vitiligo);
  • Inflammatory pathology of colonic mucosa (ulcerative colitis);
  • Chronic damage to connective tissue and exocrine glands (Shegren syndrome).

Combined with hereditary tendencies, autoimmune diseases lead to the development of LADA diabetes.To identify the disease, basic diagnostic methods and blood microscopy were used, which determined the concentration of IgG-type immunoglobulin against antigens (immunofunctional analysis).Treatment is performed with routine insulin injection and nutritional correction.

The pregnancy form of this disease

GSD is a specific type of diabetes that develops among women during the second half of the perinatal period.The disease is most often found in the second planned screening when the mother is expected to undergo a comprehensive examination.The main characteristics of GSD are consistent with type 2 diabetes - this is insulin resistance.Due to the correlation of three main reasons, cells in pregnant women lose contact with insulin (sensitivity):

  • Hormone recombination.During pregnancy, the synthesis of progesterone (steroid sex hormone) prevents the increase insulin production.In addition, the endocrine hormones in the placenta are increasing their intensity and have the properties of inhibiting insulin production.
  • The physical load on women doubles.To ensure full nutrition for unborn children, the body needs to increase glucose.Women start using more monosaccharides, which forces the pancreas to synthesize more insulin.
  • Weight gain and physical exercise decrease.Glucose enters the body in large quantities and accumulates in the blood because cells refuse to perceive insulin due to obesity and sexual artery disease.In this case, the expected mother and fruit lack nutrition and energy hunger.

Unlike the first and second types, gestational diabetes is a reversible process because the functional capacity of the insulin molecule and the pancreas is retained.

The rightly selected treatment strategy ensures that pathology is eliminated after delivery in 85% of cases.The main method of GDC treatment is for patients with diabetes "Table 9".In difficult circumstances, use medical insulin injection.Due to the fetal inducement, the drugs won by Sangro were not used.

also

Specific types of diabetes are caused by genetically determined (Mody diabetes, certain types of endocrine diseases) or other chronic pathology:

  • Pancreatic diseases: pancreatitis, hemochrome tumors, tumors, cystic fibrosis, mechanical damage and gland surgery;
  • malfunction of the anterior pituitary lobe (acrotary hypertrophy);
  • Increased synthesis of thyroid hormones (thyroid toxicity);
  • hypothalamus-pituitary-Dousse (ICECO-CUSHING syndrome);
  • Tumors of the adrenal cortex (aldosterone, pheochromocytoma, etc.).

Diabetes Pathology alone -Non-SHA SHAGAL Diabetes are characterized by reduced production of hormones in the hypothalamus of vasopressin, which regulates the balance of fluid in the body.

Diagnostic measures

Diagnosis of diabetes (any type) is performed only on a blood laboratory microscope.Diagnosis includes several studies that are always conducted:

  • General clinical blood tests to identify hidden inflammatory processes in the body.
  • Blood test of glucose content (capillary or vein).It is strictly produced on an empty stomach.
  • GTT (glucosomal test).It is to determine the body's ability to absorb glucose.The tolerance test was a blood fence of two times: two hours after the fasting and “glucose whole load”, which acted as an aqueous glucose solution prepared in a ratio of 200 mL of water to 75 g.substance.
  • HBA1C was analyzed to glycosylated (saccharified)hemoglobin levels.Based on the results of the study, retrospectiveness of sugar in blood in the past three months was evaluated.
  • Biochemistry of blood.Indicators of liver enzymes at Aspartateaminottransferase (AST), alanine-olefin (ALT), α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase (SCF), bilirubin (bile pigment), cholesterol levels were evaluated.
  • Blood tests of antibody concentrations of glutamate dicarboxylase (GAD antibody) determine the type of diabetes.

Reference values for blood sugar and disease indicators

analyze For sugar Glucosin test Glycated hemoglobin
specification 3.3-5.5 <7.8 ⩽6%
diabetes 5.6-6.9 7.8-11.0 From 6% to 6.4%
diabetes >7.1 >11,1 More than 6.5%

In addition to blood microscopy, general urinary analysis of the presence of glucose (diabetes) in urine was also studied.In healthy people, there is no sugar in the urine (for patients with diabetes, 0.061-0.083 mmol/L is considered a permissible norm).The referee samples were also conducted to identify protein exchanges of albumin protein and creatinine in urine.In addition, hardware diagnosis is specified, including electrocardiogram (ECG) and ultrasound in the abdominal cavity (with kidneys).

result

Modern medicine classifies diabetes according to four basic types, depending on the pathogenesis (origin and development) of the disease: insulin-dependent (ISSD type 1), insulin-dependent (INZSD type 2), pregnancy (Gestational (GSD) (GSD in pregnant women), specific diabetes (diabetes) (diabetes include several types of diseases caused by genetic defects). Acute diabetes that forms during the perinatal period is curable. - The state of prediabetes (violation glucose tolerance) is considered reversible but requires early diagnosis.